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The Nepal Digest Wednesday 22 March 95: Chaitra 8 2051 BkSm Volume 36 Issue 8
******************************************************************************
* TND Board of Staff *
* ------------------ *
* Editor/Co-ordinator: Rajpal J. Singh a10rjs1@mp.cs.niu.edu *
* SCN Liaison: Rajesh B. Shrestha rshresth@black.clarku.edu *
* Consultant Editor: Padam P. Sharma sharma@plains.nodak.edu *
* TND Archives: Sohan Panta k945184@atlas.kingston.ac.uk *
* Book Reviews Columns: Pratyoush R. Onta ponta@sas.upenn.edu *
* News Correspondent Rajendra P Shrestha rajendra@dartmouth.edu *
* *
* +++++ Food For Thought +++++ *
* *
* "If you don't stand up for something, you will fall for anything" -Dr. MLK *
* "Democracy perishes among the silent crowd" - Sirdar Khalifa *
* *
******************************************************************************
**********************************************************************
From: ponta@sas.upenn.edu (Pratyoush R. Onta)
Subject: info
To: NEPAL@cs.niu.edu (tnd)
Date: Wed, 15 Mar 1995 13:21:43 -0500 (EST)
Anthropologist Mark Liechty is looking for any information on the
following film:
"Way to Kathmandu"
If anyone a) remembers seeing it, and b)
knows any details like its production date, director, producer, etc.
please post the information here as well as send it directly to him. His
email address is: MLIECHTY@rullet.LeidenUniv.nl
**************************************************************
From: Dileep Agrawal <dagrawal@abacus.bates.edu>
Subject: FOR SALE: *** PWM-BOS-BKK-BOS-PWM *** on NorthWest
To: NEPAL@cs.niu.edu
Date: Wed, 15 Mar 1995 14:35:08 -0500 (EST)
I am trying to sell a companion ticket for the following sector:
Portland (ME) - BOS - BKK - BOS - Portland.
Leaving from Portland (ME) June 6 11am
Leaving from Boston June 6 1200
Arriving into Boston Sept 3 8:05p
Arriving into Portland Sept 3 8:45p
ONLY....... $1150/bo
My final destination is Kathmandu, Nepal.
***************************************************************
From: dk@accunix.wjc.edu (Diwas Khati - student)
Subject: Re: The Nepal Digest - March 16, 1995 (2 Chaitra 2051 BkSm)
To: NEPAL@cs.niu.edu
Date: Wed, 15 Mar 1995 14:41:17 -0500 (EST)
Dear Editors,
Do you not see the need to limit the lines of individual postings in TND
to prevent TND from being another "TRN" or "Go.Pa." filled with lenghty
stories on matters of no immediate relevance and significance. The last
one on TIBET, which was two hundred and something lines, looked like
someone trying to use TND as a medium to publicize TIBET matters. Nothing
wrong with what was in it, but could it not have been reduced in size
while "cross-posting"? These little things, if looked into, could mean a
lot to the popularity of TND.
Just an idea.
sawid
**************************************************************
Date: 16 Mar 1995 05:46:20 EST
To: The Nepal Digest <nepal-request@cs.niu.edu>
From: BONNIE HOLLAND <75013.1227@compuserve.com>
Subject: Greetings
To all at The Nepal Digest,
I thoroughly enjoy reading TND. I lived in Nepal for three years, teaching
physiotherapy in Kathmandu at Tribhuvan University's Institute of Medicine, and
just this week came back after visiting my former students. This TND is very
well done. And for your records, I am a physiotherapist, my current
"Snail-Mail" address is 1503 NE 76th Ave., Portland, OR 97213, USA; phone (503
)
254-2114. There is quite a Nepali community here in the Portland area who I
will tell about TND. I would love to stay in contact with other Nepali in the
USA and other countries. Are any of your contacts graduates of Budhanilkantha
School? I have many friends who have taught there. Thanks.
Thank you very much for TND,
Bonnie Holland
**********************************************************************
From: na-punal@uwe.ac.uk (NA Punal)
Subject: Kura_Kani: Tourism.
To: nepal@cs.niu.edu
Date: Thu, 16 Mar 1995 00:14:02 +0000 (GMT)
Dear Sirs of TND and readers,
My name is Nicolas Punal, reading my final year of an Honours Degree in Business Studies with Tourism at the University of the West of England, Bristol, U.K.
I am writing a final year university thesis on the "future of adventure travel in the 21st Century".
According to several tourism journals and travel writers, Asia will become the
premier destination for adventure travel in the next Century.
For this reason I believe Nepal as a tourism destination, will be affected by
the increase in adventure travel (eg. Trekking, White river rafting, etc).
Despite the range of general literature available, I have not been able to findany STATISTICS on the number of adventure travellers to Nepal, and whether
the trend is on the increase.
I am asking whether any of you are able to assist me in my search for visitor
trends to Nepal, or maybe you know somebody who could guide me to the right
source of information. I have already contacted the Royal Nepalese Embassy in
London but they did not possess this information...
Also, I am interested in finding out how Nepal uses the media and telecommuni-
cations in general to reach and appeal to the tourist, (for example, does Nepal
advertise itself in the Newspapers, Television, Radio?).
I would be very interested to hear comments from readers of TND together with
any suggestions you may have to offer.
May I also take this opportunity to congratulate TND on such an informative
and highly interesting publication, Keep up the Good Work!.
Yours,
Nicolas A. Punal
e-mail:
na-punal@uwe.ac.uk
****************************************************************
Date: Wed, 15 Mar 1995 20:04:11 -0500
From: rshresth@black.clarku.edu (RaJesh B. Shrestha)
To: nepal@cs.niu.edu
Subject: Mountain Agenda
Cross-posted from SCN:
---------------------
Euta Nepali (SPOKHARE@SYSTEMS.watstar.uwaterloo.ca) wrote:
: The following is the list who participated in the meeting.
:
: MR. K. M. Dixit
: Himal
: The only outspoken Nepalese in the conference as per some of the observers.
:
:
: Ms. Jeannette Denholm Gurung
: ICIMOD
:
: Another participant from ICIMOD did not attend. Perhaps they
: realized that it is useless to become like King Mahendra Trust to attend the
: same meeting by two representatives from the same organization.
:
: Mr. Arup Rajouria
: King Mahendra Trust
:
: Mr Jal P. Rana
: King Mahendra Trust
:
: Dr. Tritha Bahadur Shrestha
: IUCN/Nepal
:
: Mr. Narayan Poudel
: Makalu-Barun National Park and Conservation Area.
:
:
: ============
: To someone who said that they will prepare at least a "high level" paper on
: Nepal and share with others:
:
: THERE WAS NO PAPER FROM NEPAL. BUT THERE WAS ONE FROM INDIA.
:
: Perhaps we do not have any problems to be alarmed.
:
: ============
:
: Personally, I would have liked to see Mr. Deepak Gyawali's participation,
: not as a representative from RONAST but as an individual.
:
: ============
:
: ICIMOD distributed a report on "inspiration in community forestry"
:
: If you wish to obtain a copy of it please contact
:
: The Publication Unit
: ICIMOD
: Pulchowk
: G.P.O. Box 3226
: Kathmandu Nepal.
:
: They might ask you to pay for it.
:
: ============
:
: ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
: :
One of my committee members, who participated this conference as an expert
on Mountain Hazard, has a *slightly* different opinion than what
Shaligramji has presented.
* He has valued Jannette's participation and highly appreciated Kanak's
audacity. However, "The rest", of whom I really had praised (quoting
verbatim from few articles that appeared in SCN, of course), were
neither active participants nor raised any significant issues in the
meeting. (moral: don't take everything that appears in SCN for
granted)
* According to him, if Deepak Bajrachary would have participated as a
NEPALI participant, the scene would have been different. Deepak
presented many relevant issues but they were in a global context.
* Nepalis participated without a good home-work. Many of the time
criss-crossing and contradicting each-others valid statements. [Doh!]
* Nepalis upheld *the spiral down* phenomena in the mountain --
which not only Mohonk Conference splintered but also is emperically
proven to be wrong -- dumping blame on poor mountain people.
[ Reading Himalayan Dilemma or articles in Mount. Res. and development
or even Himal edited by Kanak could have helped. Pity! once again we
pahad ko manchhe have been regarded as scapegoats.]
* I've got the entire set of papers and if any of you wanna know what's
happening in these mountain niches, send me an email. In return,
I reiterate-- IN RETURN, I expect some one to post what these people
learned from this conference.
Bhanu
=====
**********************************************************************
Date: 16 Mar 95 14:31:13 EST
From: Rajendra.P.Shrestha@Dartmouth.EDU (Rajendra P. Shrestha)
Subject: News3/13-15
To: nepal@cs.niu.edu
March 13
New Joint Bank Starts Operation
Excerpts from Xinhua report
Bank of Kathmandu, established under the joint investment of the
siyam commercial bank of thailand opened up its banking activities on
sunday. the newly-established joint bank has an authorized capital of
240 million rupees (about 4.8 million us dollars). Nepali
investors possess 45 percent of the bank's share whereas 30 percent of
the share belongs to the siyam commercial bank of thailand. the
remaining 25 percent will be distributed to the general public. the
issued capital of the new joint bank is 180 million rupees (about 3.6
million dollars) and its paid up capital is 90 million rupees (about
1.8 million dollars).
March 14
Fall in Share Worries Government
By Gopal Sharma in Kathmandu for Reuters (excerpts)
Nepal's finance minister says he is worried about falling share
prices on the country's state-run stock exchange which analysts have
attributed to confusing signals from the new communist government.
"The decline in share prices has made me worry," Bharat Mohan
Adhikary told Reuters in an interview late on Monday. "I am very much
concerned."
Share prices on Nepal's one-year-old stock exchange have fallen
18.5 percent since the communist government, headed by the finance
minister's brother Man Mohan Adhikary, took power in late November.
A 20-share index compiled by a group of brokers called MAMPS,
quoted once a day, stood at 154.14 on Monday, down from 189.09 on
December 1 and 176.69 on February 1.
"The government has not done anything to arrest falling share
prices," said MAMPS official Parmeshwar Bhakta Malla. "The government
has not come up with its policies on the stock exchange."
The finance minister said the price trend did not reflect the
actual economic situation, and other indicators were positive.
"There are positive indications on the revenue side with every
front exceeding our targets so far. Our reserves are positive and some
upward trends, though minimal, are visible on the trade front also,"
Adhikary said.
"There is nothing to worry about requiring us to change policies
immediately," he added.
Critics accuse Nepal's communist government of failing to shore up
confidence in the fledgling stock market.
"Investors are confused about government policies," former finance
minister Prakash Chandra Lohani said. "The communists are not giving
clear signals as to how they intend to run the economy."
Prithvi Raj Legal of the Centre for Policy Research and Analysis, a
private consulting firm, said the government had indicated it would
give priority to domestic firms in any future privatisation.
"It's a signal to foreign investors that they will not be given
neutral treatment," Legal said.
Stock market analyst Jeevan Basnet said share prices were passing
through a "mature phase" and coming down to a more realistic level
following a bull run in mid-1994.
But he said trade volume had dwindled and needed to be revived by a
change in authorities at the government-run Nepal Stock Exchange Ltd
(NSEL), where trading is done through open outcry.
"The NSEL should turn into an autonomous body governed by renowned
people and controlled by the central bank," Basnet said.
"It is political and run by the government now."
March 15
Nepal to Import Weapons from Sweden
Excerpts from UPI and AFP reports
In a rare interview Wednesday with a pro-left newspaper Jana Astha, army
chief Gen. Gadul Shumsher Rana said that Nepal was importing rocket
launchers and other arms from Sweden and did not expect India to
object.
''We are importing rocket launchers and other weapons from Sweden,
'' Rana told the newspaper, which is allied with the ruling communist
party. ''We are confident India will not object to this,'' he said,
though he admitted Nepal's neighbor previously had objected to weapons
imports.
Rana said the Swedish arms shipment would arrive in Nepal shortly
but did not specify the exact nature and quantity of the weapons or
the value of the deal.
However, a Royal Nepal Army source told AFP that only ammunition,
not rocket launchers, were being imported. The source told AFP that a
peaceful country like Nepal needed to import ammunition for manual
rocket launchers solely to train its soldiers.
Under a 1965 agreement, Nepal should get clearance from India to
bring in any kind of weapon.
Angered by Nepal's importing of anti-aircraft guns and tanks from
China in the late 1980s, New Delhi imposed economic sanctions against
Kathmandu, paralyzing the Nepalese national economy.
In his interview, Gen. Rana also confirmed he had been invited to
visit China but said he had yet to receive final approval for the
trip. ''Yes, I have received an invitation from China. The visit has
not been canceled. I am waiting for the government's clearance for the
visit,'' Rana, who retires in two months, told the newspaper.
India-Nepal Talks on Water dispute fail
By Gopal Sharma in Kathmandu for Reuters (excerpts)
Nepal and India failed to resolve a long-running dispute over
water rights during high-level talks that ended on Wednesday,
negotiators said.
The south Asian neighbours remained divided over the Tanakpur
hydro-electric and water project which is built on the western border
that the tiny, landlocked Himalayan kingdom shares with India, they
said.
Nepal wants more water and electricity from the project, but the
Indian delegation led by Water Resources Secretary M.S. Reddy said it
was unwilling to budge, they said.
Nepal had previously allowed India to build part of the Tanakpur
embankment along a short stretch of the Mahakali river in Nepal in
return for a share of the water and electricity.
But the Communist Unified Marxist-Leninist (UML) party, which won
power last November, made a campaign pledge to win more generous
benefits from the project.
During this week's talks, India turned down a request by Nepali Water
Resources Secretary Surya Nath Upadhyaya for more water and electricity,
negotiators said.
Talks on another dam that India has proposed building in central
Nepal also failed during the bilateral talks in the Nepali capital.
Negotiators said India wanted to construct a high dam on the Kosi
river, crucial for flood control and irrigation in its Bihar state,
but Nepal insisted on a commitment that would give Kathmandu greater
irrigation benefits.
Analysts expect the water dispute to be at the top of Nepali Prime
Minister Man Mohan Adhikary's agenda when he visits New Delhi next
month.
*************************************************************
Date: Thu, 16 Mar 1995 15:47:09 -0500 (EST)
From: Pravignya Regmi <pregmi@emerald.tufts.edu>
To: nepal@cs.niu.edu
Subject: Request for subscription
Dear sir,
I would like to subscribe the Nepal Digest at my e-mail account
pregmi@emerald.tufts.edu.
Thank you so much and NAMASTE !!
Sincerely
Pravigya Regmi
Dept of Urban and Environmental Policy
97 Talbot Avenue- Brown House
Tufts University
Medford, MA 02155
USA.
****************************************************
Date: Thu, 16 Mar 1995 16:48:10 -0800 (PST)
From: Amresh Karmacharya <psu01146@odin.cc.pdx.edu>
To: nepal@cs.niu.edu
Subject: khoj khabar
A cousine of mine Mr. Birendra Man Pradhan is a ME student in
Environmental Engineering in the AIT, Bangkok. I am in search of
his address. Can anyone help me find his email address?
Amresh.
*************************************************************
Date: Fri, 17 Mar 95 10:19:11 EST
From: ncohen@usaid.gov
To: nepal@cs.niu.edu
Subject: Inflation and the UML Government
Inflation Since UML Came to Power
Summary
For the three plus months since the UML came to power inflation has been a
negative 4.3% which is approximately the same as has been noticed for these
three months over the preceding six years. Inflation does not appear to have
worsened or improved over these months.
There has been lower inflation than usual for these three months for milk,
sugar, fuel/light/water, restaurant meals, transport/communication, and
footwear. Inflation has gotten worse, compared to the last six years, for
pulses, spices, edible oil/clarified butter, and cloth. Some of the
improvements are due to specific changes in government taxes on those items
(milk, sugar, fuel), while the increase in cloth prices might be partly due
to the increase in protectionist tariffs. The largest worsening of inflation,
and possibly the cause of concern in the press, is the in crease in the
prices of pulses. Usually they fall by 2.1% during these three months, but
this year they have increased by 7.1%. During the last three months of the
Congress Government, prices of pulses rose by slightly less than was "normal".
For the two major items in the consumer's basket, rice and vegetables/fruits,
inflation is nearly the same as during the same period in recent years.
The fall in prices of fuel, sugar and milk products is probably due to
actions of the government in lowering taxes on these goods, or having the
state enterprises responsible decrease prices administratively.
The sharp increase in inflation during the month ending mid-February might
indicate a change in the direction of inflation. However, data for a single
month must be used with caution.
Comments
Though the Rastra Bank data shows that there have not been any sharp
increases in the prices of commodities surveyed by the Bank, the politicians
both in government and opposition continue to raise the issue of high
inflation. It would be unusual had the prices increased during the period
that UML has been in office since this is the period when prices of basic
foodstuffs usually decrease due to increased availability. There have been no
instances in the last six years when prices have risen during this three
month period.
Often, to show inflation politicians will only refer to a few goods, such as
pulses right now, and not at the broad range of products.
Detail
The UML Government took over the reigns of government in late November 1994.
There have been statements in the paper alleging large increases in prices
and greater price stability than before. This memo looks at what the data
compiled by the Nepal Rastra Bank (National Urban Consumer Price Index) shows.
Between mid-November 1994 and mid- February 1995 prices overall have fallen
by 4.3%. This is not unusual as the period covered is the season for the
price index to decline due to newly harvested rice, vegetables and fruits.
Rice and vegetables together ac count for 32% of the price index (rice alone
accounts for 24%).
This year rice prices fell 7.8%, compared to a fall of 13.0% last year and a
fall of 7.7% two years ago. Vegetable and fruit prices fell 32.2%, compared
to a fall of 26.6% last year and 29.7% two years ago.
The price data for the three month period does not indicate that inflation
has gone up exceptionally high since the UML formed the government.
For the year ending February 1995, the overall inflation rate was 9.0% high
compared to 8.3% for the year ending February 1994, and 6.6% for the year
ending February 1993. The trend in inflation is up. However, the higher rate
cannot be attributed to the period that the UML has been in power since
during the three month period, prices have moved almost the exact same as
during the two previous years.
Price Increases Compared
For the most part inflation in the last three months has been comparable to
inflation for comparable periods over the last seven years. However, for some
goods inflation is higher than for comparable periods in the past, and for
other goods inflation is better.
To make the comparison fair we com pare inflation for the three months ending
mid-February 1995 (the period of the UML government) with inflation over the
same three month period in each of the years from 1988/89 to 1993/94.
For the three months ending mid-February 1995 milk and milk product prices
fell 0.7% while the median change for the six previous years was an increase
in prices of 0.6%. Similarly there was much lower inflation for sugar (down
7.0% this year compared to and increase of 7.3% over the previous six years).
Fuel, light and water prices fell by 1.2% compared to median increases of
1.8%; restaurant meals rose only 0.8% while they usually rise by 4.2%.
Comparable results were seen for transportation/communication, footwear, and
education.
The picture was not favorable for a few goods. Pulse prices usually fall by
2.1% during this period, but this year they increased by 7.1%. The prices of
spices usually fall by 3.4% but this year they rose by 7.3%, oil and
clarified butter prices usually fall by 0.8%, but this year they increased by
1.2%; cloth prices usually increase by 1.0%, but this year they increased by
2.3%.
Inflation Compared to the NC Government
We can compare inflation during the first three months of the UML government
to inflation during the last three months of the Nepali Congress Government.
Again, both comparisons are against similar periods in previous years. We
shall compare the major items in order.
Inflation in rice prices under the UML government were 1.0 percentage point
better, while during the NC government's last three months it was 2.1
percentage points better. The performance of the NC government was better.
For housing UML's record is an improvement of 1.0 percentage points, while
for Congress it was a 0.8 percentage point improvement. There is not much
difference.
For vegetables and fruits inflation under UML is 1.6 percentage points
better, while NC had inflation for these goods worsening by 3.1 percentage
points: an improvement under UML.
For fuel, light and water inflation under the UML was 3.0 percentage points
better, while for NC it was 2.1% better. The UML government has lowered these
more.
Inflation in restaurant meals, the next most important item, was 3.4
percentage points better under both UML and NC.
Medical and personal care prices were 0.6 percentage points better under UML,
but 2.5 percentage points better under NC. This is a comparative worsening
under UML.
The major worsening under UML was for pulses, where inflation was 9.2
percentage points worse; for the last three months of the NC government pulse
prices were 0.4 percentage points worse. There has been a significant
worsening here.
Why?
For some goods the results are due to changes in government taxation. As part
of the UML budget taxes were cut (or state enterprises agreed to reduce
prices) on sugar, milk, fuel, wheat, and cement. The results can be seen in
lower inflation for these goods. This is a one time event and we ought to
notice inflation returning to "normal" levels. Government also raised the
tariff on imported textiles and edible oils, the result is a higher than
normal increase in cloth prices and edible oils/clarified butter.
Sources of Inflation
Over the last eighteen months non-tradeable inflation (housing, electricity,
medical services and the like) has been slowing. This is the inflation that
is mainly influenced by domestic causes. Inflation in tradeables (most food
items) has been erratic but has been increasing sharply of late. This
inflation is mainly caused by increased inflationary pressures in India where
inflation is now running over 11% compared to 9% in Nepal.
A Possible Worry?
In previous memos we have compared inflation a number of different ways. The
graph shows inflation measured by the traditional year-on-year method, and
via monthly and quarterly data. The monthly inflation rates (deseasonalized
and annualized) are the most volatile and can give spurious results; the
historical yearly data tends to change slowly and thus usually cannot show a
change in direction. Usually we like to use the deseasonalized and annualized
quarterly data.
The graph shows there has been little movement in the yearly data, and a slow
decline in the quarterly data. However, for February 1995 there was a sharp
increase in the monthly inflation. In the month of February 1995 inflation
was a positive 0.27%. However, usually prices fall in February by 1.45%,
making the deseasonalized inflation 1.7%. Were this to continue for the rest
of the year, the annual inflation would be over 20%. This could indicate a
change beginning to occur in the economy. We shall have to look at next
month's before making any conclusions.
Likely Inflation for the Next Few Months
As noted earlier the period UML has been in power are the months when prices
usually fall. This decline usually continues into March when prices fall by
around 0.5%. In April prices are usually steady but then begin the period of
the year when inflation is usually the highest. The peak monthly inflation
figures are usually in August (very true this past year when the monthly
inflation rate was 3.2% in August 1994).
*******************************************************************
Date: Fri, 17 Mar 1995 13:41:36 -0500
To: nepal@cs.niu.edu
Subject: Moving to Kathamandu
From: soriorda@emerald.tufts.edu (Siobhan ORiordan)
I am moving to Kathmandu in August for at least two years. I will be
working there and have a 700 lb. air shipping allowance so I am trying to
be very organized, if minimalistic in what I need to bring with me in
this one time shipment. I am interested in any suggestions regarding
what I should bring with me as well as ideas for adventure when I get
there (though I am sure once I am there I will get help with planning
holidays and the like). Thanks in advance.
***********************************************************************************************
***********************************************************************************************
Date: Fri, 17 Mar 1995 13:49:03 +0500
From: nshresth@capital.edu (Nischal Shrestha)
To: nepal@cs.niu.edu
Subject: Test
Test
This test does not measure your intelligence, your fluency with
words nor certainly your mathematical ability and creativity.
Instructions: Each question below contains the initials of the words that
fit. Find the missing words.
Example: 16 = O. in a P. 16 Ounces in a Pound.
1. 26 L. of the A.
2. 7 = W. of the A.W.
3. 1001 = A.N.
To be continued...
If you have any questions then contact me. I
will give the answers later.
Nischal Shrestha
(614) 299 0780
nshresth@capital.edu
****************************************************************************
From: Subas Sakya <sakyasm@pr.cyanamid.com>
Subject: request for information
To: nepal@cs.niu.edu
Date: Sat, 18 Mar 95 10:49:26 EST
Dear Editor and TND readers,
This is a request for information on the whereabouts of Mr Raju Manandhar and Sunil Amatya. Last time I heard they were in New Jersey and Boston. If someone could give me their address and phone numbers, I would appreciate it.
ManojKansakar, if you have some information, let me know. Rajeeb Sakya from Nepal is visiting us and if anyone wants to contact him please send me a message at this address.
Thanks
Subas
****************************************************************
Date: Sat, 18 Mar 1995 19:26:42 -0500
From: rshresth@black.clarku.edu (RaJesh B. Shrestha)
To: nepal@cs.niu.edu
Subject: DEFINE.....Nepali Taxpayer, please
Cross-posted from SCN:
---------------------
In article someone wrote on: 1 Mar 1995 15:06:34 GMT
|
| Although I lurk in SCN regularly, and post once in a long while, I've
|obviously missed some important facts in the BKS debate.
|
| Ashutosh Tiwari (tiwari@husc.harvard.edu) wrote
|
|> ..... And spending most of our secondary school budget on ONE
|>school, Nepal is only getting say 50 strong BKS grads per year, whereas,
|>through 'better' education policies, we could have gotten perhaps 2000 or
|>more strong high school grads all over Nepal FOR THE SAME AMOUNT OF
|>PUBLIC MONEY.[This is only a metaphorical example).
|
| Does more than 50% of the secondary school budget really go to BKS?
===================================================================
|Can anyone post an approximate percentage? How many students are enrolled
|in or graduate from BKS versus the number enrolled in and graduating from
|all the other public (state financed) secondary schools in Nepal?
|
| Just curious.
1. Based on the SCN/TND debate, in the previous decade BKS used to
get about 8 million grants (8, 000, 000) to produce few Nepalis from
remote areas (50?) and rest from the elite class family. ITs like called
in nepali "Hathi ko dekhaune dant ra khane dant bhinna bhinnai hunchan"
(?English? Elephant has two types of teeth to show and to chew foods).
2. I myself was one primary school teacher for about 1.5years. The
budget (in 80+ies) was so low that you can't imagine. there were less rooms
than number of classes and sections. Rooms were crowded and in rainy days
the lowest level classes were suspended because of lack room and furniture.
The budget to buy chalk+stationary was only Rs. 100. (just hundred?),
compare with the BKS ? What ratio ? we had about 200 students.
In this school we had one special "pichadiyeko jat -- DARAI"
peoples who are living only in that village or locality, so govt. needed
to help them in education. It is because peoples from other places came
to there village and could obtain lands in a very cheap rate. They were
loosing their agricultural land. Few lucky from these Darai used to
pass in the "Hong-Kong British Lahure" and rest same as their parents.
Our school's principal (pricipal called in Nepali govt. school as Head
MAster) was trying hard to push a very very brilliant Darai boy into
the screeing but was finally kicked by "Jilla Shavapati" because he
was also trying to push his own son in that quota from BKS. Finally,
Darai could not get. So, the quota from BKS als showed a kind of
"Hathi ko Dekhaune dant". Fortunately, I know there was "crystal
clear" screening when the British they them self went to find the
poor soul in villages, but , once it was handed over to Nepali'
b-cratic red tapes, then hardly few were able to screened into the
BKS. And as BKS turned to be good and good it turned as a "Hatthi
ko dekhaune danta in the name of few poor talent nepalis.".
3. If our public college "proud of the nation?" Amrit Science college
can get the same amount of grants , so that , teachers can get the 75% of
the salary as teachers getting in BKS, it would prove much much better and
producing most brillian engineers and medical docotors as it has
produced in last 30-40years. I know personnally some Amrit S. College
teachers were attracted to BKS, leaving ASCol in reuins in these days
because of lack of funds. Where teachers starts (private -home)
tutioning from the very first day of academic year. ASCol don't get that
grants as BKS is getting , the reason is straight . The so called
(overnight rich --- elite ? of Nepal) rich's kids won't get admission
in the ASCol and 90% are from middle class and may be 50% from outside
Kathmandu. So, why should our b.cratic red tapes like to sponsor the
truely public college like ASCol ?
4. .................later.
Gyaneswor Pokharel
P.S. If the curious person is not Nepali citizen or origin and because of
that you could not understand some Nepali words that have been needed
to insert, I suggest you to try to understand. What I am taught here
is that if you want to stay in others' community, you should try to
understand them, their language and culture. "Culture --comes with
three--- language, cloths and food". That is the reason, people going
to German should know few German words, going to France --French,
coming Japan few Jap. words and Going or staying with Nepalis should
know some Nepali words. Good Luck. And hope you know going to
America has to get descent score in TOEFL exam.
*******************************************************************
Date: Sat, 18 Mar 1995 19:29:41 -0500
To: nepal@cs.niu.edu
Subject: Peace Corps Bicycle Tour to incl Nepal (fwd)
From: fkroger@coho.halcyon.com (Frank F Kroger)
Forwarded from the green-travel mailing list by fkroger@halcyon.com
__________________________________________________
>From mendicott@igc.apc.orgTue Mar 14 00:54:44 1995
Date: Mon, 13 Mar 1995 09:21:15 -0800 (PST)
From: "Marcus L. Endicott" <mendicott@igc.apc.org>
To: Recipients of conference <green-travel@igc.apc.org>
Subject: Eurasia Odyssey '95
Date: Mon, 13 Mar 1995 09:05:03 -0800
X-within-URL: http://www.dnai.com/~charless/eo95.html
[IMAGE]
EURASIA ODYSSEY '95
The Event
Since 1961, more than 125,000 U.S. citizens have served as Peace Corps
Volunteers (PCVs) in over 110 countries throughout the world. For the
first time in Peace Corps' 34 year history, PCVs are working in
contiguous countries from the Peoples Republic of China to Poland. In
celebrating this historic event, returning PCVs John McGown and Sonja
Raub will bridge the expanse of Eurasia on their mountain bikes to
produce a comprehensive photo documentary in 14 countries highlighting
the every day challenges facing volunteers and the communities in
which they serve. Their purpose is to add a new dimension to Goal
Three of Peace Corps in promoting a greater understanding on the part
of Americans of people and cultures in distant countries. The
documentary will be presented for distribution to Peace Corps
headquarters, educational institutions, and other interested groups.
It will concentrate issues encountered by PCVs at their work sites
such as environmental conservation and education efforts, women in
development, effects of political change, and PCV-inititiated
livelihood projects. The Eurasia Odyssey '95 is recognized and
applauded by PC Director Carol Bellamy.
The Route
In March 1995 McGown and Raub will begin their journey across Eurasia
in Bangkok, Thailand. From there, they will cross through Laos and
Vietnam to Chendgu, China along the old southern silk route. After
visiting PVCs in Chendgu, the two riders will climb the southern edge
of the Chang Tang Plateau to Lhasa, pass through the Himalayas into
Nepal and Kashmir, and arrive in Pakistan. From Islamabad, they will
pedal to Kashi, over the highest public road in the world, the
Karakorum Highway. By August, they will push through the former Soviet
Republics of Kyrghyzstan, Kazakstan, Uzbekistan, and Turkmenistan, all
recently established PC posts. Once through Armenia and Turkey, McGown
and Raub will complete the final leg of the Odyssey. They will visit
with PCVs in Bulgaria, Romania, Hungary, the Czech and Slovak
Republics, and Poland.
The challenge of this ride lies in the distance (an estimated 18,500
kilometers), the change in topography, altitudes, (from sea level to
16,000ft.), and climatic extremes ranging from the hot and humid
tropics to the dry high desert and frigid steppe. The cultural and
religious diversity cross-cutting the worlds of Buddhism, Hinduism,
Islam and Christianity, various customs and traditions, challenges in
daily travel, and photo-documentation of the trip, all accentuate the
physical and mental demands of this endeavor.
The RPCVs
McGown and Raub are returning PCVs from two and a half years of
service in Catanduanes, the Philippines where they worked as water
sanitation and coastal resource management technicians respectively.
McGown, from Fort Worth, Texas, has a MA in International Affairs from
George Washington University. He has been actively involved with
groups promoting bicycling such as "Bikes Not Bombs" in Washington
D.C. As an avid cyclist, sailor, and seasoned traveler he has already
toured on four continents. Raub, a native of San Francisco,
California, holds a Bachelors in German and Zoology from the
University of California, Berkeley. She has had extensive experience
as an adventure guide for Cal Adventures in California and has been
actively mountain biking for four years and racing for two years. She
has traveled extensively on three continents.
The Call
The funds for the Eurasia Odyssey '95 are being generated through
McGown's and Raub's hard work as PCVs. In addition to their
readjustment allowances, they have applied for small grants and
scholarships, and are soliciting donations from family, friends, and
fellow RPCVs and PCVs through T-shirt sales. Although they are
budgeting $15,000 per rider, this will barely cover their food,
lodging, equipment, and airfare costs. Therefore, they are looking for
sponsors so that they can realize the Eurasia Odyssey '95. T-shirts
sell for $20. The logo of major sponsors will be displayed during the
ride if the sponsor so desires. Please send your donations to Eurasia
Odyssey '95 or contact Susi Raub, Manager, 2924 Claremont Ave. #10,
Berkeley, Ca. (510) 841-2869 for further questions.
******************************************************************
Date: Sun, 19 Mar 95 22:31:19 CST
From: "Kristen R Johnson" <krjohns1@students.wisc.edu>
To: NEPAL@cs.niu.edu
Subject: 8. Inquiry
I am studying the Free Tibet movement occurring in Nepal and would welcome
any information or resources anyone can recommend. I'm interested in the
political organization of Tibetan refugees, as well as government responses.
Thank you in advance for your much needed help.
******************************************************************
Date: Mon, 20 Mar 1995 10:29 EST
From: ATULADHAR@vax.clarku.edu
Subject: Mohan Amatya's contribution
To: nepal@cs.niu.edu, sconlon@world.std.com, nbhatt@worldbank.org,
Dear Editor:
I am sending Mohan Amatya's contribution on Ganesh Man's "Antarghat". He send
this to you but i guess it got lost in the archival crash. thanks.
Amulya
From: IN%"MAmatya@sma.gov.au" 15-MAR-1995 02:57:34.07
To: IN%"ATULADHAR@vax.clarku.edu"
CC:
Subj: fwd: Explore Anatarghat Annex
Amulyaji
Here is what I wrote to TND, re Antargahat Annex.
Cheers
Mohan
Amulya inquires if it were 'whining in the wind".
My response YES and NO.
**** YES, that suggested annex of the Antarghat may be sent to Aryaghat.
**** NO, it could be a serious allegation, so be it. If anybody is interested
to dig it further, I suggest him/her to start interviewing people including
the following, in priority order:
1. Dilli Raman Regmi, leader of Rastriya Congress, possibly a by-product of
early Antarghat within congress leadership;
2. Khadga Man Singh, another Congress leader comparable with our Supremo;
3. Diamond Sumsere JBR, a serious and dedicated Congress member;
4. Rishi Kesh Shah, an expert on political history of Nepal;
5. Beni Bahadur Karki, a staunch stalwart of Gorkha Parishad, now chairman of
the Senate under Congress Umbrella;
6. Family members of Sahid Bhogendra Man Singh, a cousin of Supremo Ganesh
Man;
7. Family members of Sahid Chinikaji, killed in Kathmandu by Home Minister BP
Koirala's 'securitate';
8. Family members of those killed in Bharatpur in 2018 by King Mahendra's
'securitate' (must not miss family members of Jaman Singh Gurung who lost two
sons one in 2007, another in 2018 - a most torturous death of a freedom
fighter that I have heard of);
9. Family members of those killed days before the end of Panchayat that tied
King Birendra to his throne with 'no longer absolute power';
10. Madam Koirala, BP Koirala's wife;
11. Family members and close associates of Jaya Prakash Narayan who virtually
reared our Congress to its present state; and
12. Family members of those who staged a peaceful march and killed in
Kathmandu valley a couple of years ago by Home Minster Deupa's atrocious
policy against democratic process.
The point I was trying to make was that Ganesh Man, Bhattarai and other
'like-leaders' were there to make 'compromise' at various stages of our
political and democratic evolution. They were no more than 'politics of
opportune'. The 'Antarghatism' that went through, against freedom fighters'
hope and wish, were no less serious than that Ganesh Man was referring to at
the Bhattarai's defeat of an election.
Ganesh Man and Bhattarai have been great leaders of Congress. I respect them
for that. In fact one of my friend, a serious and dedicated Congress member
think both Ganesh Man and Bhattarai are living Saints of Nepali Congress (
However, I did not see any proposal of their beatification at the recent
Congress of Nepali Congress at Pokhara, if I have missed it to observe, please
let me know).
See the present government, a Communist government in a kingdom, what a
laughing stock ! What type of communism they follow ? Is that anything more
than just another 'politics of opportune'?
Regards
MAmatya
PS: - "Antarghat Annex' could be a good topic of research for those PG
Degree candidates in politics or political history of Nepal.
***************************************************************************
Date: Mon, 20 Mar 1995 10:59 EST
From: ATULADHAR@vax.clarku.edu
Subject: Re: The Nepal Digest - March 16, 1995 (2 Chaitra 2051 BkSm)
To: NEPAL@cs.niu.edu
Roar of the Paper Tiger: the NC posture
=======================================
The Nepali Congress has just had a recent "Mahasamiti" and has come out in a
series of dramatic postures that are inversely proportional to its political
impotence and fear of being written off politically as a "had-been".
The NC did the following "dramatic" things:
1. Punished Ganesh Man in proxy by expelling several hundred rebels who
were taking their cues from Ganesh Man's rebellion, noted was Jagannath
Acharya who launched a "jan=jagaran" abhiyan, a decidedly anti-Girija
campaign among the Congress activists that got Girija so scared that he had to
shout that he is going to destroy the Communist is a whiff, obviously in an
effort to stem the outflow of "Chaite-Congressis" who flocked to the congress
for the parasitic proximity to power. These latter-day congressi supporters
the socalled "Panchagressis" the political bastards from the illegitimate
intercourse of Girija congressis and power-hungrey opportunistic panches, have
been watching to see if Girija is a had-been and not worth betting their
horses on. The recent series of NC postures are aimed to keep this flock
together so the voters can think Congress is still a credible force.
Recent history shows that congress has never won any government without Ganesh
man's help and claim for the conscience and pragmatism in Nepali politics. B>P
came like a rat when he was flushed out by Indira and tried to hide his
cowardice in the grandiose shadow play of "national reconcialiation" Sure you
reconciliate when you lose both the public opionion, organizatin battle, and
several desperate attempts at armed insurrection and Satyagrahas. It was
Ganesh man's decision to take the help of Communists as anti-Panche Nepalis
that democracy was ushered in for monkeys like Krishna Prasad and Girija to
spoil it and they have been so rewarded by the nepali voting public.
It
is abundantly clear that short of any major political suicides by UML, NC is
digging its political grave by rejecting Ganesh Man's message and to adopt a a
"debate-free" clarity of Girija's fascist stands.
2. The NC trouble makers claim once too often that we have no conflict
whatsoever. We have heard it once toof often when there is a big conflict
withing the ranks and within congress ideology, both the "leaders" Giriaj and
Krishna instead of reconciling the ranks and the ideology indulge in the
politics of empty rhetoric. It is on the way to the political demise of
had-beens suchs as Bishnu Bahadur Manandhar, Tulsi Lal Amatya, Dilli Raman
Regmi, the types who are generals without an army and who perpetuate their
self deception by issuing their useless political analysis on the media.
3. The NC has decided to go for "socialism" after the uml proved that
socialism still has political capital in Nepal, how the nepali will believe
that after Girija's unalloyed capitalism and free market and when the so
called new generaatin leaders Sher Deopa is still considered avoswedly
pro-free market, a perfectly sensible stand for the economic class he
represents the feudal land holding class of the west who stand to reap the
best benefits with their historic economic and social privileges when
capitalism reorganizes nepali society.
All in all we have to see how NC operates as apolitical party, see the text of
its actions insteads of their words. *their latest posturings sounds but like
the roar ofa paper tiger, a wounded one, maybe even a dying one.
The Nepali Caste Hierarchy: "A Statecraft Fiction"
===================================================
This is in response to Ponta's clarification of his earlier book review where
he made the observation that the Nepali caste hierarchy codified in the 1854
Muluki Ain is simply statecraft fiction akin to the Panchayat media's claim of
making Nepal a classless, exploitationless society.
[at this point i must ask ponta's and the readers' forgiveness for not being
able to extract the relevant lines and quotations from ponta's original
articles and his rebuttal in March 15 TND because i just cannot afford the
time to erase one line at a time the preceding postings of Rajendra's news to
get to ponta's contribution, so this is by recall with all its attendent
dangers i hope however the drift is accurate.]
Ponta's arguments reminds me George Will's commentary, that super clever
conservative who weaves a seamless sequence of argument where you can't quite
figure out where he gave yu the slip but yu know it is viscerally wrong
somewhere. With all due regard to Ponta's erudite argument, I enjoyed but did
not accept his comparision of the Muluki Ain to Panchyat's classless society.
I also accept his theoretical concerns that several questions of the degree to
which the Muluki ain represents the extant caste hierarchy in Nepali society
has not answered.
Still, I question his assertion that the Muluki ain caste hierarchy is "just a
statecraft fiction". here i am assuming the colloquial meaning of the word
"fiction" as falsity, and by implication something that is patently removed
from a objective, absolute, referential "truth: the reality." Even if ponta
assumed the more precise meaning of "fiction" in social theory as a "social
construct" as something created by the state or other ruling class or social
groups, I still question his assertion of a possible disparity between the
state's constructionof the caste hierarchy and the social construct and the
category that govern nepali society at large. Perhaps, Ponta's assertion is
based on the basis of documentary proof or evidence of linkages between the
state's construct and the social practice and he may be right but written
texts is the beginning and end of all of social evidence especially where we
are entering a contested world of constructs in which the state and the rulig
class of \nepali society has great stakes in rendering invisible those social
constructs that delegitimates those alternate visions and categories of
\nepali society.
Lest this sound all social theory gobbledy-gook, I wish to point out that
there are plenty of evidences of caste and caste based ideology perpetuating
itself with the active and dare I say effective patronage of the State and the
ruling class (it is difficult to draw a line between them before the Ranas who
used State property as personal property). Example Don Messersmidt's work on
the Gurungs illustrate how Gurung's social origin has been concocted as the
origin from bahun and servant, a process that serve to bring Gurungs into the
Hindu discourse aas an inferior inclusive partner. The Limbu and Rai of the
Eastern Hills are trying to disown the Dasain festivals as just plain hindu
construct that is implicated in their exploitations and thus not necessary
part of their nepali identity. The Newars have called for the recognition of
the Nepal Sambat calendar as a rejection of the social construct of the ruling
brahminical order. someof these events may predate Muluki ain but after the
muluki ain: the newar merchants who traded in Tibet were required to purify
themselvesin the presence of a bahun priest to reclaim their Hindu caste after
being defiled by the caste less Tibetans; Buddhists monks who tried to to
celebrate Buddha Jayanti inBhojpur were exiled by Juddha Shumsher at the
behest of the Muluki ain credo of Hindu superiority in the Nepali kingdom.
These are just some of the examples.
I urge ponta to actively seek out in the lives of the oppressed communities
and thier histories how extant the caste hierarchy has been propagated with
the collusion and the connivance of the State and the ruling class of the
nepali society.
I would like to thank ponta for delving into this complicated topic deeply
and giving us an opportunity to debate and learn by questioning our
unquestioned assumptions, standpoints, the vision that is constructed by our
unique position in the social, economic, and political axes of power.
Amulya Tuladhar
Clark University
*********************************************************************
Date: Tue, 21 Mar 1995 12:35:42 -0700 (GMT)
From: Karma Rana <karma@ait.ac.th>
To: nepal@cs.niu.edu
Subject: Jan Kari : Classified
Dear Rajpalji,
I thought that this announcement might be of interest to TND.
Regards,
Karma Rana
FACULTY POSITION
GENDER AND DEVELOPMENT STUDIES (REF. NO. SERD/GDS 95)
SCHOOL OF ENVIRONMENT, RESOURCES AND DEVELOPMENT
ASIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
G.P.O. BOX 2754, Bangkok 10501, Thailand
Applications are invited from qualified persons for this faculty
position at Associate Professor rank. The suitable candidate will be
appointed initially for a period of two years with a possibility of
extension. He or she should have a Ph.D. degree from a well
recognized institution in a discipline that relates directly to gender and
development studies, and a strong research background in the area of
women as well as gender and development, documented through
publications of scientific standing. Teaching experience at the post-
graduate level and a field research track record in Asia are expected.
Duties will encompass teaching courses focused on interdisciplinary
approaches to gender and development studies in relation to resource
management; agricultural, aquatic, bioprocess, postharvest, energy
and environmental technologies; and regional and urban planning. In
addition, duties will include supervising student research, conducting
sponsored and individual research, consultancy, and outreach
activities including short-course training, seminars and workshops.
The successful applicant will receive a salary that is highly
competitive in the region, with generous benefits including housing
and children educational allowances, contribution to an AIT provident
fund, and air fares to and from Thailand at the beginning and at the
end of the employment period. Income tax on salary drawn from
AIT is paid directly by the Institute to the Royal Thai Government.
The application should include full personal particulars, details of
qualifications and experience, list of publications, the name and address
of three referees, and the approximate date by which the applicant would
be available, to be submitted to the Vice President for Academic Affairs
or via e-mail to Karma Rana <karma@ait.ac.th>. It should reach there not
later than 1 April, 1995.
The Asian Institute of Technology (AIT), founded in 1959, is an
autonomous, international post-graduate institution provides advanced
education in engineering, science, technology, management and
planning leading to the award of Doctoral, Master's or Diploma
degrees.
***************************************************************
Date: Wed, 22 Mar 95 00:19:19 JST
From: Network Mailer <MAILER@JPNIUJ00.BitNet>
Subject: Nepalese Economy
To: <193041@JPNIUJ00.BitNet>
Subeject: Economics
Dear netters,
The following an excerpt from a Wilkinson, David of IPE.CSF.COLORADO.EDU list.
The points he made were propositions about land, rnt, taxation and the state. I
have been in trouble answering this. Can anyone out there help me?
>1) Landownership is highly concentrated
>2) Land and real estate are commonly rented, not sold
>3) Landowners are able to raise rents and squeeze rural or urban tenant
>profits to marginality
>4) Taxation falls on or is passed through to entrepreneurs and
>wageearners rather than landowners
>5) Businesses are subject to a complex and dilatory permit process to create,
>maintain, or expand
>6) State bureaucrats are paid at not much over subsistence but allowed to
>augment their salaries by withholding and then selling government services,
>e.g. permits
>7) High prestige is allotted to owners of land, controllers of
>the state, controllers of force; entrepreneurs, farmers, industrial workers
>have low prestige and seek to move to high-prestige positions
>8) The currency is not freely convertible, but overvalued, with a profitable
>conversion monopoly operated by the state, and an "illegal" but protected
>side-market
>9) The dispute-resolution system is inclined to find for landlords (vs.
>tenants), the state (vs. individuals), nationals (vs. foreigners) in economic
>controversies
>10) The population is growing as fast as or faster than the
>rate of growth of production, and than most rates of production growth
>elsewhere in the history of the world economy.
>11) Steadily more marginal land is being brought into
>cultivation, so that agricultural subsistence requires more and more labor
>time to achieve, and there is a strong downward pressure on wages
>12) State or landed elites are able to acquire shares, and even
>control, of others' enterprise by force, threat of force, judicial process,
>bureaucratic process, unilateral rewriting of contracts, unilateral revision
>of land titles, etc.
>13) Soil is being "mined," i.e. destroyed or degraded as an integral part of
>agricultural development
>14) Forests are being "mined," i.e. destroyed or
>degraded as an integral part of agricultural and industrial development
>15) Political competition mainly concerns individual and coalition struggles
>for access to state tax revenues via salaries, budgets, contracts,
>rent-acquistion, etc.
>
> I assert none of these, but ask B.P. Subedi or others for information. I
>have heard several of these propositions directly asserted as regards Nepal,
>but in casual conversation, hence without systematic evidence being given (or
>requested); other propositions represent descriptions that have been given
>not of Nepal, but of other states that have low or negative growth.
>
>If many or all of these propositions are stably true of Nepal, it would next
>be in order to ask if the failed development policies have addressed these
>situations, ignored them, taken them as parametric givens, or aggravated
>them.
>
>If circumstances such as these exist, and the failed development policies
>have for one reason or another not addressed them, one could then ask, why
>not? Ignorance? Irrelevant models? Dogmatistical paralysis?
>Bureaucratic sabotage? Inadequate resources? Commitment to the local
>political status quo, or some element thereof?
>
>If no attempts are made to address such circumstances, are they even
>discussed? By whom? What happens to the discussion? To the discussants?
>Are they assailed? Invited to redirect their inquiries? Appointed
>to sinecures? Urged to travel widely?
>------------------------------
************************************************
Date: Wed, 22 Mar 1995 10:19:14 -0500
To: nepal@cs.niu.edu
From: jonl@nis.accel.worc.k12.ma.us (Jon Hardy-Lavoie, ALL School, Worcester, Ma)
Subject: A REQUEST
DEAR WHOMEVER IN CONCERNS,
MY NAME IS JON HARDY - LAVOIE, I GO TO SCHOOL IN WORCESTER, MA., AND I
AM IN 7TH GRADE. IN ONE OF MY CLASSES I AM STUDYING NEPAL AND I AM IN
NEED OF A NEPAPI RECIPE. I HAVE GOTTEN ONE ALREADY THAT IS CALLED MOMO.
YOU WERE RECOMENDED TO ME BY ASHUTOSH TIWARI. THANK-YOU VERY MUCH IN
ADVANCE FOR HELPING ME.
******************************************************************************
* *
* The Nepal Digest(TND) is a publication of the Nepal Interest Group for *
* news and discussions about issues concerning Nepal. All members of *
* nepal@cs.niu.edu will get a copy of TND. Membership is open to all. *
* THE EDITOR RESERVES THE RIGHT TO EDIT ARTICLES FOR CLARITY. *
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* The Nepal Digest (TND) *
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* **** COPYRIGHT NOTE **** *
* The news/article posters are responsible for any copyright violations. *
* TND, a non-profit electronic journal, will publish articles that has *
* been published in other electronic or paper journal with proper credit *
* to the original media. *
* *
******************************************************************************
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